Unfortunately for Colombia and other countries in South Asia, there are no epidemiological studies on the MPS, corroborated information or consolidated records on the population burden, as well as public health policies that respond to the needs of this population in a state of vulnerability in a comprehensive manner. There are no care and research networks that allow the monitoring and treatment of this type of pathology, as well as studies on the incidence, prevalence and natural course of MPS (CastañedaIbáñez and Sánchez-Campos, 2020), much less access to specializedcare, advanced therapies, medications in general orneuropsychological profiles as such

Mucopolysaccharidosis is a rare or orphan disease of lysosomal storage, genetic, which is recognized by bone malformations, claw- shaped hands, macroglossia and enlargement of some organs such as the liver, spleen and heart. In South American countries this type of disease is unknown, however, the Colombian health system has recognized it within its legislation and has responded to the different demands for medical and psychosocial support for these patients and their families. But likewise, he faces neuropsychological needs from the family, social and school spheres, in which different studies are still being carried out.

Mucopolysaccharidosis is a rare or orphan disease of lysosomal storage, genetic, which is recognized by bone malformations, claw- shaped hands, macroglossia and enlargement of some organs such as the liver, spleen and heart. In South American countries this type of disease is unknown, however, the Colombian health system has recognized it within its legislation and has responded to the different demands for medical and psychosocial support for these patients and their families. But likewise, he faces neuropsychological needs from the family, social and school spheres, in which different studies are still being carried out.

Background Context: Paraspinal abscesses can spread across the various tissue planes and cause neural compression. It appears that if left untreated, infections can spread from the peri-spinal space to the epidural and subdural or vice versa with catastrophic neurologic sequalae. Cauda equina compression is one of such outcomes. This syndrome presents as low back pain, motor and sensory deficits in the lower extremities, and sphincter dysfunction. Potential septic meningitis via disseminated CSF spread may also occur. Purpose: To report a case of extensive spine infection involving the facet joints, surrounding soft tissues, extradural space as well as the intradural compartment causing cauda equina syndrome and to review the literature of this scenario.

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a common clinical and neurobehavioral disorder that has a serious impact on the patient and his/her loved ones. Structural deformities associated with ADHD have been described, of which the corpus callosum is one of the most parts studied.Deformities involving the splenium of corpus callosum have a robust association with ADHD. In this manuscript, we present a case of degeneration of a hypoplastic splenium of corpus callosum in an ADHD patient detected on MRI 2 years after initial detection of hypoplasia of corpus callosum.

In article specifics of the psychoemotional states arising at distentny form of education are described. The general characteristic of distantny form of education is given, its influence on cognitive processes is described. The psychoemotional condition of students in the course of training is in detail described. Sources of negative emotions and positive emotions in the educational environment are described. Is shown that at distantny training students have less negative emotions, especially the emotions connected with experience of examination stresses. It is also shown that practically all sources of positive emotions remain and at distantny training.

A wide range of viruses are a raising in different geographical areas with different virus families because of their neurotropic characters. Infection by these neurotropic viruses can directly interrupt the structural and functional complexity of the central nervous system leads impairment in cognitive disorder. Keeping in this aspect, some of the research established that the Corona virus also belongs to a neurotropic virus which was first isolated as a pathogen from the respiratory tract. SARS-COV-2 was jumped to a human at one of the wet markets present in Wuhan through open air. This was first identified in 1965 with a crown-like appearance. Seven types of Coronavirus can affect humans, but out of seven SARS emerged in southern China in 2002.

Narcolepsy’ comes from French narcolepsie, which was first used by French physician Jean-Baptiste Edouard Gelineau in 1880. This French word came from a combination of Greek narke, meaning stupor or numbness, and lepsis, meaning a seizure. The tetrad of narcolepsy symptoms proposed by Yoss., et al. in 1957 consists of excessive daytime somnolence, hypnogogic hallucinations, sleep paralysis and cataplexy [1]. Narcolepsy is a chronic neurologic condition due to dysregulation of sleep wake cycle, affecting 1 in 3000 individuals with a bimodal peak of incidence at 15 and 36 years of age [2]. However, there is a diagnostic delay inspite of early age of onset partly due to limited awareness of this entity among physicians and partly due to the associated comorbidity burden among patients with Narcolepsy [3].

Morel Stewart Morgagni syndrome or Internal Hyperostosis Frontal (HFI) is a metabolic craniopathy, most often asymptomatic, it can however be associated with a various manifestations including neuropsychiatric symptoms. We report the case of a 71-year-old patient with chronic tension-type headache seen in neurology consultation. The diagnosis was established based on the clinical and radiological criteria, and the patient benefitted symptomatic treatment and psychosocial support.

Vanishing white matter disease (VWM) is a rare inherited neurological disorder caused by mutations of the EIF2B genes (EIF2B 1 - 5). The gene is important in the initiation of translation in protein synthesis. The onset of clinical symptoms varies from infancy to adulthood. There are well-reported triggering factors for the onset of the disease as well as episodes of acute rapid decline. Apart from the antenatal or neonatal onset of the disease, the involvement of tissues or organs other than the cerebral white matter is very unusual. We are describing a case of VWM presenting with congenital cataracts at birth. Her clinical onset of leukodystrophy occurred much later during late childhood. VWM is an autosomal recessively inherited disease. However, the congenital cataract in our patient is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner. The case also demonstrated interesting and unusual triggers of vaccination and fright or stress related to separation anxiety when her neurologist went on vacation. The genetics and pathophysiology of the disease and the effects of triggers are reviewed and presented.

On 26 November 2021, WHO designated the variant B.1.1.529 a variant of concern, named Omicron, on the advice of WHO’s Tech- nical Advisory Group on Virus Evolution (TAG-VE). This decision was based on the evidence presented to the TAG-VE that Omi- cron has several mutations that may have an impact on how it behaves, for example, on how easily it spreads or the severity of illness it causes.

Advances in Neurosurgeon’s armamentarium in the form of navigation, high end microscope, rigid endoscope, and intra operative Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have encouraged them to develop or modify the surgical technique to minimize the exposure and dissection of normal anatomy of brain. These modifications led to development of “keyhole neurosurgery” which is based on principle of “minimal access” that leads to decreased post operative morbidity and facilitates patient’s recovery. Supra orbital key hole approach through the eyebrow is one such technique to gain access to the anterior skull base. Further combining endoscopic assistance to standard microsurgical techniques improves illumination and vision at depth and reduces collateral damage to nearby brain parenchyma. We share our experience and technique for intoto excision of a right anterior clinoidal meningioma through endoscopic assisted supraorbital keyhole craniotomy and anterior sub frontal approach and conclude it to be a safe, minimally invasive technique for approaching the anterior cranial base lesions as well as approaching the aneurysms of anterior skull base with minimal damage of neighboring normal anatomy. It does involve learning curve to operate though this technique and one must have the conventional approach too in the back of the mind as a standby.

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a common clinical and neurobehavioral disorder that has a serious impact on the patient and his/her loved ones. Structural deformities associated with ADHD have been described, of which the corpus callosum is one of the most parts studied. Deformities involving the splenium of corpus callosum have a robust association with ADHD. In this manuscript, we present a case of degeneration of a hypoplastic splenium of corpus callosum in an ADHD patient detected on MRI 2 years after initial detection of hypoplasia of corpus callosum

In article specifics of the psychoemotional states arising at distentny form of education are described. The general characteristic of distantny form of education is given, its influence on cognitive processes is described. The psychoemotional condition of students in the course of training is in detail described. Sources of negative emotions and positive emotions in the educational environment are described. Is shown that at distantny training students have less negative emotions, especially the emotions connected with experience of examination stresses. It is also shown that practically all sources of positive emotions remain and at distantny training.

A wide range of viruses are a raising in different geographical areas with different virus families because of their neurotropic characters. Infection by these neurotropic viruses can directly interrupt the structural and functional complexity of the central ner- vous system leads impairment in cognitive disorder. Keeping in this aspect, some of the research established that the Corona virus also belongs to a neurotropic virus which was first isolated as a pathogen from the respiratory tract. SARS-COV-2 was jumped to a human at one of the wet markets present in Wuhan through open air. This was first identified in 1965 with a crown-like appearance. Seven types of Coronavirus can affect humans, but out of seven SARS emerged in southern China in 2002. In 2003, 8,000 people were affected with SARS and the small outbreak was made in 2004 with four cases but suddenly 54 cases were reported viral pneumo- nia which was first emerged in Wuhan, China. Noticed that SARS-affected patients experienced CNS defects during their course of quarantine illness. At present COVID-19 pandemic rocketed around the globe in 2019 by disrupting functions of another system of the body like the CV system and CNS. A better understanding of molecular, epidemiological, and pathological characteristics of this infection with a CNS system with a particular mechanism may beexpected to provide tools for the development of more effective intervention strategies by reducing the release of chemomediators in the brain from the inflammatory process which would prevent the structural complex of BBB of the CNS.

Background Context: Paraspinal abscesses can spread across the various tissue planes and cause neural compression. It appears that if left untreated, infections can spread from the perispinal space to the epidural and subdural or vice versa with catastrophic neurologic sequalae. Cauda equina compression is one of such outcomes. This syndrome presents as low back pain, motor and sensory deficits in the lower extremities, and sphincter dysfunction. Potential septic meningitis via disseminated CSF spread may also occur.

All cases of intracerebral aneurysms admitted in Department of Neurosurgery, Osmania General Hospital, Hyderabad from December 2017 - December 2019 were analyzed based on factors like age, sex, co morbidities, aneurysm characteristics such as size, location, WFNS grading and Hess and Hunt scale and by Fisher’s grade, day of ictus at the time of surgery etc. End point of study was recovery/discharge from hospital to death.

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), previously known as pervasive developmental disorder, is a neurological and behavioral disorder that manifests in childhood, characterized by repetitive and restricted patterns of behavior along with impairment of social communication and interaction. In addition, impacting various other domains like intellectual ability, language function and behavior. For the diagnosis of ASD, all three components of social communication and interaction are needed - emotional reciprocation, deficits in non-verbal behavior, inability to understand or maintain relationships. In addition, two out of four components of restrictive repetitive interests and activities should be present. These include repetitive movements (rocking, spinning, hand flapping), use of objects or speech, develops specific rituals and becomes disturbed if they are changes, fixated interests of abnormal intensity, excessive or reduced reactivity to sensory input, and unusual interest in sensory aspects of the environment.

The current study was aimed to assess auditory comprehension by using the Revised Token Test (RTT) in Telugu. A total of 20 Telugu-speaking aphasics with an age range of 17 to 80 years participated. Qualitative analysis was done to get the details of the errors made by each type of aphasia while performing the test. Results revealed that the performance of all aphasics was observed to be 76% to 93% on all the subtests. Females participated better than the male aphasics. The anomic aphasia group performed well when compared to other types.

The assumption about the high rationality of economic agents has been key to the construction of modern economic theory, which began to take shape, as a separate science, approximately with the neoclassical (Jevons, Walras, etc.) during the nineteenth century. In terms of Lakatos, one of the most influential epistemol- ogists of the twentieth century, all science has a hard core, which is very difficult to refute, to modify, and in which there are cer- tain premises that nobody usually discusses, and all accept them as basal foundation from where the current models start.

Background and Purpose: Neurovascular complications are the main causes of morbidity and mortality in tuberculous meningitis (TBM). However, there is paucity of data available on the spectrum of MRA abnormalities in TBM. We undertook this study to assess the spectrum of abnormalities involving the intracranial arteries in TBM by non-enhanced three- dimensional time-of-flight (3D- TOF) MRA and to determine if there is any relationship between abnormal angiogram and the disease outcome.

Addiction clinicians and scientists face an enormous challenge in fighting the global opioid and alcohol use disorder (OUD/AUD) pandemics. Despite significant advances, the number of deaths attributed to narcotic overdose in the United States (US) alone exceeded 100,000 in 2021. The National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) and The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcohol - ism (NIAAA) are struggling to generate novel approaches to tackle the severity of the present substance abuse epidemic.

Background: Guillian Barre syndrome (GBS) is the most common cause of acute onset flaccid paralysis presenting at the tertiary center in the post-polio eradication era. There is regional variation in the presentation and outcome of GBS worldwide. Objective: We aimed to analyze clinical presentation and short term outcomes of GBS patients admitted to our center. Methods: All children (1-14 years) of age with a diagnosis of GBS were enrolled in the study. Data were entered in a preformed format. Nerve conduction study, Cerebrospinal fluid examination, and other relevant investigations were done. Children received intravenous immunoglobulins (1 gram/kg) over 2 days. Respiratory support was given to children who were required. Functional outcome (Hughes score) were measured at end of 6 months

Awareness programmes are essential for the development of secondary school students. Secondary school students need to participate in a series of awareness and educational programmes apart from their fixed curriculum. This study seeks to assess the HIV/AIDs awareness of secondary school students in Kollam district, Kerala. It is a cross-sectional descriptive study using a mixed research method where 600 secondary school students and 48 key informants participated. The tools used are Indian Adolescent Health Questionnaire and semi-structured interview schedule. The data analysis was done through SPSS and Atlas ti. It was found that a fifth of secondary school students never heard of HIV or AIDs.

Inpatient Rehabilitation care is the specialized care delivered by Multi-disciplinary Rehabilitation Team in an institutional set- ting. Individuals recovering from major medical or surgical illness have to go through comprehensive rehabilitation care for them to come back to the normal daily life. After critical illness, most dis - eases from Neurology, Orthopedics, Cardiology and Oncology re- quire Inpatient Rehabilitation Care. Specially neurorehabilitation patients will have varied and complex needs that mandate long duration of stay at inpatient rehabilitation facility.

An estimated 15% to 30% of patients referred to epilepsy-monitoring units for drug resistant epilepsy walk away with a diagnosis of psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES). Seizures that do not produce an epileptiform discharge on the ictal video-electroencephalogram (vEEG) will likely garner the ‘rule in’ diagnosis of PNES, or Conversion Disorder in modern nomenclature. The absence of an epileptiform discharge is considered proof that the seizure is not epileptic and thus, it presumably has a psychological origin. For decades, the scalp EEG has been hailed as the ‘gold standard’ for distinguishing PNES from epilepsy and a great deal of empirical data has been amassed on the PNES patient population.

The effect of HDIT + AHSCT with low-intensity conditioning regimens in patients with various types of multiple sclerosis (MS) in terms of clinical and patient-reported outcomes was studied. In total, 418 patients with relapsing-remitting (RRMS) and secondary progressive MS (SPMS) were enrolled in a single center study from October 2006 to October 2018. Median follow-up was 29.8 months. Outcomes of AHSCT were evaluated both from physician’s and patient’s perspective at 3, 6, 12 months after AHSCT and at long-term follow-up. EDSS changes, proportion of patients who achieved NEDA-3, event-free survival (EFS), safety, and quality of life (QoL) changes were evaluated separately in patients with RRMS and SPMS. Paired t-test, Wilcoxon test and Generalized Estimating Equations and were used for comparisons. Kaplan-Meyer method was used to evaluate EFS in terms of relapse-free survival (RFS) and progression-free survival (PFS) after AHSCT.

Development of neuro protection has turn out to be the focal point of endeavors targeted at reducing the progress of Parkinson disease or Parkinson`s disease (PD) signs and symptoms which are fundamental feature manifestations characterized by the four classes of motoric (motor) symptoms of PD, namely tremor, Bradykinesia (akinesia), postural instability and rigidity. One of the most common neurologic disorders that elders experience, Parkinson disease is a dreadful diagnosis impacting nearly - circa ~2of every 00 adult-subjects more than 60 years old older-adults.

Corona virus disease (COVID -19) can cause neurological symptoms and complications. These findings can be seen in central nervous system, musculoskeletal and peripheral systems. Many sources use MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) as the imaging technique to diagnose anosmia due to COVID-19, and to analyze the involvement of the olfactory nerve and the olfactory bulb. A 25- year- old female patient presented to our clinic, with complains of prolonged anosmia for nine months. Radiological imaging was done, showing the right hemisphere olfactory area lesion, clinical follow up findings was discussed.

Transient Global Amnesia (TGA) is a clinical disorder character- ized by transient anterograde and retrograde amnesia with ambig- uous pathogenesis [1]. It has also been associated with life threatening medical conditions such as myocardial infarction arrythmias or dissecting aortic aneurysm [2]. The diagnosis of this clinical syndrome is established when the clinical diagnostic criteria arefulfilled. The seven points of Hodges and Warlow’s diagnostic criteria are the following: 1.) The information must be available from a trusted observer who was present during the maximum duration of the episode, 2.)

This study presents the prevention of dyskinesias called side-effects occurred due to the induced levodopa (IL-Dopa, a met- abolic precursor to the dopamine chemical messengers which are cell receptors) by applying the minimally invasive surgical procedure called deep brain stimulation - a surgery done for the Parkinson`s disease patients such that the dyskinesias 9such as cognitive issues like memory, cognitive impairment CI, cognitive dementia CD, slurred speech, hallucinations, followed by the axial symptoms of the entire body shaking like breezing, etc.) are wiped out.

‘Narcolepsy’ comes from French narcolepsie, which was first used by French physician Jean-Baptiste Edouard Gelineau in 1880. This French word came from a combination of Greek narke, meaning stupor or numbness, and lepsis, meaning a seizure. The tetrad of narcolepsy symptoms proposed by Yoss., et al. in 1957 consists of excessive daytime somnolence, hypnogogic hallucinations, sleep paralysis and cataplexy. Narcolepsy is a chronic neurologic condition due to dysregulation of sleep wake cycle, affecting 1 in 3000 individuals with a bimodal peak of incidence at 15 and 36 years of age. However, there is a diagnostic delay inspite of early age of onset partly due to limited awareness of this entity among physicians and partly due to the associated comorbidity burden amongpatients with Narcolepsy.

Since the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak, the development of vaccines for passive immunization against SARS-CoV-2 has been a great scientific achievement. However, all these vaccines have been rarely related to neurological adverse events. We present an extremely rare case of a 39-year-old healthy male adult who developed an immune-mediated adverse event of a small fiber neuropathy and radiculopathy post-anti-COVID vaccination with Oxford-Astra Zeneca Covid-19 vaccine. Despite this rare adverse event, we underline that both at an individual and a population level, the benefits of COVID-19 vaccination far outweigh the risks of a neurological complication

Introduction: Epilepsy is one of the most common serious chronic neurological diseases, affecting people of all ages worldwide. It is present in several clinical forms, of which the EEG constitutes a preferred examination for diagnosing this disease. This paper focuses on studying the results of the EEG requested for epilepsy and/or generalized tonic-clonic seizure in order to establish the electro-clinical correlation. Materials and Methods: This is a retrospective and descriptive study that took place over a period of one year from July 2018 to June 2019 at the neurology department, CHU Fann Dakar.

Background: Cri-du-Chat Syndrome (CdCS) is a rare genetic disease, caused by a deletion of variable size on the short arm of chromosome 5, and characterized by a cat-like cry, intellectual disability and high frequency of self-injured behavior, such as Skin Picking. Parents often report an altered pain perception in these patients during their activities of daily life. Aim: To evaluate the sensory peripheral pathways in CdCS patients. Methods: We evaluated four patients with CdCS by Quantitative Sensory Study (QST), neurological exam and nerve conduction studies. Results: All four CdCS patients showed a high threshold and an exaggerate tolerance to thermal (cold and warm) stimuli at QST, even if the clinical history, the neurological exam and the nerve conduction study were negative for a peripheral neuropathy. Conclusions: Our study is the first description of an altered perception of pain in CdCS patients. Potential peripheral and central mechanisms are discussed.

Elderly age is the senior stage of life cycle among human beings that faces various mental problems if proper care is not provided to the 60+ senior citizens. We can reduce these problems by the transformation of skills and experience of senior citizens to mobilize the youths through Public-Private-Partnership (3-Ps) like Senior-citizen Community Development Program for the self-sustaining livelihood of senior citizens in Nepal. As per social tradition, elder members of a family are cared for by younger family members. These days, many youths migrate abroad to a foreign country mostly for employment. The migration of young adults creates challenges for caring and burdens the remaining women and children hindering their personal career development (Yadav, Volume 2, N0. 1, 2012).